Composting Process: Key Factors for Successful Decomposition of Organic Waste and Improving Soil Quality

Composting is a natural process of decomposition of organic matter that contributes to reducing waste, improving the quality of the land and preserving the environment. Although this process is essentially biological, human intervention plays a key role in optimizing the speed and efficiency of composting. Microorganisms, like bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, do the main part of the work in the composting process, while proper control of certain factors can significantly affect the quality and speed of this process.

Composting is usually divided into three key phases:

Mesophilic phase (20-45°C): The initial stage of decomposition.
Thermophilic phase (45-70°C): The main period of decomposition.
Cooling and maturation phase: Formation of stable humus.

In all these stages, microorganisms play a key role, as they break down complex organic materials and convert them into nutrient components that improve soil quality. Below, we will explore the key factors that influence a successful composting process and how to optimize them.

1. Carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N)

One of the most important factors in the composting process is ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C:N). These two elements are the basis for the microbial decomposition of organic matter. Carbon is the main source of energy for microorganisms, while nitrogen enables the construction of cellular structures. The ideal C:N ratio for compost is 30:1. If the ratio is too high in favor of carbon, microorganisms will not have enough nitrogen to effectively break down the material. On the other hand, if there is too much nitrogen, the process can become too fast, which can result in unpleasant odors and poor compost quality.

To optimize this ratio, it is important to balance carbon-rich materials (such as dry leaves, straw and wood shavings) with nitrogen-rich materials (such as manure, vegetable and plant waste), and our composter will help automate the process itself EcoTERRA.

2. Moisture content

Moisture is key to the proper functioning of microorganisms in compost. The optimum moisture level for composting is between 50% and 60%. If the humidity is too low, microorganisms will not be able to break down the organic matter effectively, and if it is too high, the compost can become too moist and anaerobic, which can lead to unpleasant odors.

For the correct assessment of moisture, you can use a simple “pinch with a stick” test. If you press the compost and a few drops of water drip out of it, the moisture level is optimal. If the water does not come out, it is necessary to add a little water, while excessive moisture can be reduced by adding dry organic matter such as straw or sawdust.

3. Oxygen availability

Microorganisms that break down organic material in compost use oxygen in the process of aerobic respiration. Without enough oxygen, anaerobic conditions occur that can slow down decomposition and lead to unpleasant odors. To ensure a sufficient flow of oxygen, it is necessary to periodically turn over the compost or use aerator devices that are integrated in our composters.

The optimum oxygen level in the compost should be between 10% and 20%. By turning the compost every time the temperature reaches a maximum value, you can ensure constant air circulation and prevent the formation of anaerobic conditions.

4. Compost temperature

Temperature is one of the key factors affecting the speed and efficiency of composting. Microorganisms work best at temperatures between 50°C and 60°C, because it is in this range that the decomposition of organic matter occurs and pathogenic organisms unite. The temperature of the compost can be controlled by aeration and turning over the compost.

If the temperature rises too high (over 70°C), microorganisms can “burn” and the composting process slows down. On the other hand, low temperatures (below 40°C) can slow down decomposition.

5. Preparation of raw material

Proper preparation of the raw material is the key to successful composting. This includes sieving, crushing and adjusting the moisture content of the raw materials. The larger particles of the material interfere with the flow of air and slow down the decomposition process. The ideal particle size for nitrogen-rich materials is 1.2 to 2.5 cm, while for carbon-rich materials, sizes between 0.3 and 1.3 cm are recommended.

Well-divided materials ensure easier and faster decomposition, which means faster creation of high-quality compost.

6. Foreign matter in compost

In the composting process, it is important to avoid foreign matter such as plastic, glass, metal or limescale. These substances not only interfere with the process, they can also damage compost processing equipment and be dangerous to the environment. Also, foreign substances can reduce the quality of the final product and make it difficult to use compost in agriculture.

Conclusion: How to optimize the composting process

Composting is an extremely useful process for restoring soil, reducing waste and saving the environment. For a successful result, it is important to optimize several key factors, such as the ratio of carbon and nitrogen, humidity, temperature, oxygen availability, as well as proper preparation of raw material. By controlling these factors, you can speed up the composting process and produce high-quality compost that is rich in nutrients and environmentally friendly.

If you are a farmer, nurseryman or a hobbyist who wants to improve fertility of the earth and contribute protect the living environment, proper composting may be the right tool for you. Also, by reducing organic waste that ends up in landfills, we contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and saving resources for future generations.

Composting is a simple yet powerful tool that can help anyone achieve a healthier garden, farm or even garden.